Journal of Trauma and Injury

Case Report

Inferior vena cava injuries at a level I trauma center: six case reports: Rachith Sridhar, Abdul Vakil Khan, Harendra Kumar, Abdul Hakeem, Deepak Kumar, Majid Anwer; Received March 7, 2025 Accepted April 11, 2025 Published online June 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2025.0054 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: Inferior vena cava (IVC) injuries are rare but deadly. Depending on the mechanism of injury, patient status, and type of injury, intervention may be surgical or endovascular. These injuries typically pose challenges in identification and treatment. During surgical intervention, rapid access and timely control of the bleeding site may be difficult. In this series, we aim to describe various IVC injuries presented at our center, detailing challenges and outcomes in their management. The study aims to characterize the presentation, interventions, and outcomes of IVC injury cases at a level I trauma center over a period of 30 months. In this report, a total of six cases of IVC injury were treated at our center. All patients underwent surgical intervention. Each patient experienced a high-energy trauma mechanism, with three patients sustaining blunt trauma and three sustaining penetrating trauma. Of the six patients, three survived while three died. Mortality was attributed to delayed presentation, complexity of injuries, and technical difficulties. Adherence to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocols, timely diagnosis and resuscitation, and rapid decision-making can reduce mortality associated with IVC injuries. Nonetheless, surgeons must remain cognizant of the inherent challenges and pitfalls in managing these injuries.; Summary

Original Article

Lessons from foreign military surgeons in the Korean War: advancing trauma surgery and preparing for future conflicts: Kun Hwang, Chan Yong Park; J Trauma Inj. 2025;38(2):103-110. Published online June 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2025.0041

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The Korean War (1950–1953) significantly advanced military medicine, with foreign military surgeons playing a pivotal role in transforming trauma care under extreme conditions.
Methods
Resources such as PubMed, JSTOR, and reports from participating nations formed the basis of this study. A thorough comparative analysis was performed to examine the similarities and differences in medical practices between the United Nations Command and North Korean forces.
Results
The United States introduced Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals, revolutionizing trauma care by enabling rapid intervention near combat zones. Innovations such as helicopter evacuation, whole blood transfusions, and antibiotic treatments reduced mortality rates among treated soldiers to as low as 3%. British surgeons excelled in managing abdominal wounds and performing orthopedic surgery, often undertaking limb-saving procedures. Field hospitals provided comprehensive care for combat injuries and infectious diseases—a major concern given the inadequate sanitation. The Indian 60th Parachute Field Ambulance treated over 20,000 casualties, demonstrating adaptability in harsh environments. The Indian Field Hospital not only treated military casualties but also provided care to Korean civilians, offering life-saving medical interventions under challenging conditions. Denmark deployed the hospital ship MS Jutlandia, equipped with advanced surgical facilities, enabling a level of medical care that was not practical on land. The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital in Busan delivered crucial medical aid to both military personnel and civilians; its staff focused on civilian outreach and controlling epidemics, with treatments targeting diseases such as typhoid and tuberculosis. Norwegian mobile surgical teams specialized in rapid interventions near combat zones, performing life-saving operations within hours of injury and thus minimizing complications and increasing survival rates.
Conclusions
The lessons learned from these contributions continue to influence modern military and civilian healthcare systems, highlighting the importance of innovation, collaboration, and resilience in conflict settings.; Summary

Case Reports

Fatal fat embolism syndrome in a young trauma patient with a stable initial presentation: time to define predictive criteria? A case report: Nebojsa Brezic, Strahinja Gligorevic, Tatjana Atanasijevic, Vladimir Zivkovic, Bojan Jovanovic; Received October 23, 2024 Accepted February 6, 2025 Published online April 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0072 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare but serious complication most commonly associated with trauma, particularly long bone fractures. However, symptomatic FES remains a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present the case of a 20-year-old man who, after sustaining multiple long bone fractures in a motorcycle accident and initially appearing stable, experienced a rapid and fatal progression of FES. This case underscores the unpredictable course of FES even in young, previously healthy individuals and highlights the critical need for early recognition and intervention. It also emphasizes the importance of identifying risk factors that may predict severe outcomes and mortality.; Summary

Traumatic globe avulsion secondary to a penetrating orbital injury from a bicycle handlebar: a case report: Nishanth S. Iyengar, Edward Xie, Patricia Pahk, Nariman S. Boyle; J Trauma Inj. 2025;38(2):147-151. Published online April 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0070

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Abstract PDF: A 60-year-old man presented with total avulsion of the right globe following a penetrating injury to the right orbit from a metal bicycle handlebar. There was no light perception in the right eye on presentation. External examination revealed a full-thickness, canalicular-involving, horizontal right upper eyelid laceration through which the luxated globe and other orbital contents extruded. The globe was intact. The patient underwent urgent surgical exploration. In the operating room the optic nerve and all extraocular muscles were found to be completely transected from the globe. The globe was enucleated, and the eyelid laceration was repaired with bicanalicular stent placement.; Summary

Original Article

Injuries from blank cartridge shots in suicide attempts within the South Korean military: a case series of five patients: Jeong Il Joo, Changsin Lee, Kyungwon Lee; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(4):262-267. Published online December 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0037

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
Blank cartridges are designed to produce the sound and gas flare of a gunshot without firing a bullet. However, blank cartridge shots (BCS) can still cause injuries ranging from minor to life-threatening. Within the South Korean military, most BCS-related injuries have occurred during suicide attempts. This study documents a case series of patients who sustained injuries from BCS during such attempts.
Methods
We examined the medical records of Korean soldiers at a military trauma center between April 2022 and April 2024 who had sustained injuries from BCS during suicide attempts. The analyzed data included general characteristics, injury site, surgical and psychiatric interventions, and length of hospitalization.
Results
The case series included five patients between 19 and 20 years old (mean age, 19.6±0.55 years). Four of these patients sustained self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the submandibular area, while one targeted the right temporal area. Although initial vital signs and laboratory findings were unremarkable, computed tomography scans revealed injuries from projectile gas and gunpowder, including burns, subcutaneous emphysema, and major structural damage. Cases 1 and 2 required emergency surgery for foreign body removal and debridement. The average length of hospitalization was 35.2±12.11 days. Patients were first admitted to the trauma surgery department for BCS injury management, and then transferred to the psychiatry department for emotional support. The average stay was 15.6±15.87 days in trauma surgery and 19.6±14.99 days in psychiatry.
Conclusions
This study highlights the consequences of BCS from suicide attempts in the South Korean military and provides valuable insights for medical personnel who may encounter patients with BCS injuries.; Summary

Case Report

A starry night: a case report of severe liver injury due to a close-range shotgun blast in Argentina: Rodrigo Antonio Gasque, José Gabriel Cervantes, Magalí Chahdi Beltrame, Marcelo Enrique Lenz-Virreira, Emilio Gastón Quiñonez; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(4):286-290. Published online October 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0036

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Abstract PDF: This report presents the case of a 20-year-old man who sustained a severe liver injury from a close-range shotgun blast. A prompt medical intervention, including damage control exploratory laparotomy and surgical debridement, was undertaken due to the extent of liver damage. Despite challenges such as a nondirected biliary fistula and extensive liver parenchymal injury, comprehensive surgical management led to successful treatment. Postoperative complications, including biloma and fungal infection, were managed appropriately, highlighting the importance of vigilant follow-up care. The case underscores the complexity of managing severe liver trauma and emphasizes the evolving role of trauma damage control strategies and minimally invasive procedures in achieving favorable outcomes.; Summary

Original Article

Evaluating chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in trauma patients at a single Australian center: Natalie Quarmby, Minh Tu Vo, Sean Weng Chan; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(3):209-213. Published online September 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0020

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
Trauma patients are at an elevated risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), with the subsequent mortality in patients requiring intensive care unit admission ranging from 25% to 38%. There remains significant variability in clinical practice related to VTE prophylaxis in trauma patients due to the frequent presence of contraindications impacting the timing and consistency of application. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the current practice of chemical VTE prophylaxis in trauma patients at a single Australian center. Methods: A prospective review was conducted on patients admitted to the ACT Trauma Service (Canberra, Australia) from July to November 2022. The included patients were 18 years or older, without a direct contraindication to anticoagulation, who received chemical VTE prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) for at least three doses and underwent subsequent testing of anti-factor Xa (aFXa) levels. Results: During the study period, 187 patients were admitted, of whom 63 were included in the study. Of these, 47 patients achieved therapeutic levels of anticoagulation as determined by their aFXa levels, while 16 were subtherapeutic. The only statistically significant difference between the two groups was in weight, with patients in the subtherapeutic group weighing an average of 91.9 kg compared to 79.1 kg in the therapeutic group (P<0.05). Conclusions: A fixed-dose enoxaparin regimen was utilized, with limited individualization based on patient factors, such as injuries, comorbidities, and other biological factors. Sixteen patients (25%) had subtherapeutic VTE prophylaxis, as measured by aFXa levels. Higher weight was significantly correlated with inadequate VTE prophylaxis dosing. While age, sex, and smoking status might play important roles in clinical decision-making, weight-based dosing of low-molecular-weight heparin may be more effective in achieving adequate VTE prophylaxis.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association of early enoxaparin prophylactic anticoagulation with ICU mortality in critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a machine learning-based retrospective cohort study
Shan Lin, Jing Zhang, Xin Dang, Qingyuan Zhan
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Reports

Penetrating cardiac injury resulting in a bullet embolus: a case report: Sammy Shihadeh, Anwar Khan, Kristen Walker, Ali Al-Rawi, Alfredo Cordova; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(3):233-237. Published online September 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0018

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Abstract PDF: Bullet embolism is a potential complication of a gunshot wound, especially with a low-velocity missile. This is because the trajectory of the low-velocity bullet can be significantly slowed as it passes through tissue. An unusual form of travel can occur in which the bullet enters the vasculature but does not have enough kinetic energy to create a through-and-through wound, leading it to remain inside the vasculature. Once inside the vasculature, the bullet could migrate to different parts of the body, potentially causing complications such as ischemia, becoming a source of thromboembolism, or functioning as a nidus for infection. The management of a bullet embolism varies from case to case, as each patient with this issue has a unique body habitus that can result in infinite possibilities of the trajectory and destination of the bullet embolus. Additional damage to surrounding vasculature or tissue can occur, as well as embolization of the bullet to critical areas of the body. Here we present the case of a 72-year-old man who had a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest with a low-velocity bullet, which penetrated the right atrium of the heart. It traveled into the venous vasculature through the right atrium, into the inferior vena cava, and eventually settled in the right internal iliac vein. He refused further intervention and management after initial workup and resuscitation.; Summary

Delayed diagnosis of proximal ureter injury after a blunt abdominal trauma in Korea: a case report: Soon Ki Min, Byungchul Yu, Gil Jae Lee, Min A Lee, Yang Bin Jeon, Youngeun Park, Kang Kook Choi, Hyuk Jun Yang; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(3):243-246. Published online September 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0016

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Abstract PDF: Traumatic ureteral injuries account for fewer than 1% of traumatic urologic injuries, and those caused by blunt trauma are even rarer than those caused by penetrating trauma. The symptoms associated with ureteral injury may be subtle, with or without hematuria, making it difficult to diagnose. We report the case of a 31-year-old man with a delayed diagnosis of proximal ureter injury after abdominal blunt trauma sustained in a motorcycle traffic accident. The patient underwent emergency laparotomy on admission for liver injury, mesenteric injury, and resultant hemoperitoneum. On postoperative day 6, he underwent angioembolization for suspected remnant intra-abdominal bleeding. Persistent symptoms of flank pain and leukocytosis led to follow-up imaging studies that revealed proximal ureter injury, and the patient underwent unilateral nephrectomy. This case stresses the importance of clinical suspicion for genitourinary injuries in the presence of abdominal trauma.; Summary

Experiencing cardiac arrest during surgical exploration in hemodynamically stable patients with multiple stab wounds, including lower extremity in Korea: a case report: Jung Rae Cho, Dae Sung Ma; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(2):166-169. Published online June 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0025

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Abstract PDF: Stab wounds, particularly those affecting multiple body regions, present considerable challenges in trauma care. This report describes a case of sustained self-inflicted stab injuries to the abdomen and thighs of a 23-year-old male patient. Although the patient’s vital signs were stable and bleeding was minimal from thigh wounds without overt signs of vascular injury, the patient experienced a sudden, profound hemorrhage from the right thigh, leading to cardiac arrest. Successful resuscitation was followed by surgical repair of a right superficial femoral arterial injury accompanying a resuscitative endovascular balloon of the aorta. Subsequent lower extremity computed tomography angiography revealed no additional vascular abnormalities. The patient was discharged in stable condition on the 12th postoperative day. This case underscores the unpredictability of stab wound trajectories and the potential for hidden vascular injuries, even in the absence of immediate life-threatening signs. It also emphasizes the critical role of advanced imaging modalities, such as computed tomography angiography, in identifying concealed injuries, and the importance of strategic intraoperative techniques, including resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta, in achieving favorable patient outcomes.; Summary

Review Article

Predictors of massive transfusion protocols activation in patients with trauma in Korea: a systematic review: Dongmin Seo, Inhae Heo, Juhong Park, Junsik Kwon, Hye-min Sohn, Kyoungwon Jung; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(2):97-105. Published online June 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2024.0015

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
Massive transfusion protocols (MTPs) implementation improves clinical outcomes of the patient’s resuscitation with hemorrhagic trauma. Various predictive scoring system have been used and studied worldwide to improve clinical decision. However, such research has not yet been studied in Korea. This systematic review aimed to assess the predictors of MTPs activation in patients with trauma in Korea.
Methods
The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Research Information Sharing Service databases, KoreaMed, and KMbase were searched from November 2022. All studies conducted in Korea that utilized predictors of MTPs activation in adult patients with trauma were included.
Results
Ten articles were eligible for analysis, and the predictors were assessed. Clinical assessments such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, shock index (SI), prehospital modified SI, modified early warning system (MEWS) and reverse SI multiplied by the Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) were used. Laboratory values such as lactate level, fibrinogen degradation product/fibrinogen ratio, and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) were used. Imaging examinations such as pelvic bleeding score were used as predictors of MTPs activation.
Conclusions
Our systematic review identified predictors of MTPs activation in patients with trauma in Korea; predictions were performed using tools that requires clinical assessments, laboratory values or imaging examinations only. Among them, ROTEM, rSIG, MEWS, SI, and lactate level showed good effects for predictions of MTPs activation. The application of predictors for MTP’s activation should be individualized based on hospital resource and skill set, also should be performed as a clinical decision supporting tools.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Case Study on Simulation Training for Operational Improvements in the Massive Transfusion Protocol
Sooin Choi, Jongbin Wee, Haeri Jung, Young Soon Cho
The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion.2024; 35(2): 113. CrossRef

Original Article

Changes in interpersonal violence and utilization of trauma recovery services at an urban trauma center in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective, comparative study: Kevin Y. Zhu, Kristie J. Sun, Mary A. Breslin, Mark Kalina Jr., Tyler Moon, Ryan Furdock, Heather A. Vallier; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(1):60-66. Published online February 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2023.0064

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study investigated changes in interpersonal violence and utilization of trauma recovery services during the COVID-19 pandemic. At an urban level I trauma center, trauma recovery services (TRS) provide education, counseling, peer support, and coordination of rehabilitation and recovery to address social and mental health needs. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted considerable changes in hospital services and increases in interpersonal victimization.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted between September 6, 2018 and December 20, 2020 for 1,908 victim-of-crime patients, including 574 victims of interpersonal violence. Outcomes included length of stay associated with initial TRS presentation, number of subsequent emergency department visits, number of outpatient appointments, and utilization of specific specialties within the year following the initial traumatic event.
Results
Patients were primarily female (59.4%), single (80.1%), non-Hispanic (86.7%), and Black (59.2%). The mean age was 33.0 years, and 247 patients (49.2%) presented due to physical assault, 132 (26.3%) due to gunshot wounds, and 76 (15.1%) due to sexual assault. The perpetrators were primarily partners (27.9%) or strangers (23.3%). During the study period, 266 patients (mean, 14.9 patients per month) presented before the declaration of COVID-19 as a national emergency on March 13, 2020, while 236 patients (mean, 25.9 patients per month) presented afterward, representing a 74.6% increase in victim-of-crime patients treated. Interactions with TRS decreased during the COVID-19 period, with an average of 3.0 interactions per patient before COVID-19 versus 1.9 after emergency declaration (P<0.01). Similarly, reductions in length of stay were noted; the pre–COVID-19 average was 3.6 days, compared to 2.1 days post–COVID-19 (P=0.01).
Conclusions
While interpersonal violence increased, TRS interactions decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting interruption of services, COVID-19 precautions, and postponement/cancellation of elective visits. Future direction of hospital policy to enable resource and service delivery to this population, despite internal and external challenges, appears warranted.; Summary

Review Article

Biomechanics of stabbing knife attack for trauma surgeons in Korea: a narrative review: Kun Hwang, Chan Yong Park; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(1):1-5. Published online January 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2023.0057

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Abstract PDF

The aim of this paper was to review the biomechanics of knife injuries, including those that occur during stabbing rampages. In knife stab attacks, axial force and energy were found to be 1,885 N and 69 J, respectively. The mean velocity of a stabbing motion has been reported to range from 5 to 10 m/sec, with knife motions occurring between 0.62 and 1.07 seconds. This speed appears to surpass the defensive capabilities of unarmed, ordinarily trained law enforcement officers. Therefore, it is advisable to maintain a minimum distance of more than an arm's length from an individual visibly armed with a knife. In training for knife defense, particularly in preparation for close-quarter knife attacks, this timing should be kept in mind. Self-inflicted stab wounds exhibited a higher proportion of wounds to the neck and abdomen than assault wounds. Injuries from assault wounds presented a higher Injury Severity Score, but more procedures were performed on self-inflicted stab wounds. Wound characteristics are not different between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal self-wrist cutting injuries. Consequently, trauma surgeons cannot determine a patient's suicidal intent based solely on the characteristics of the wound. In Korea, percent of usage of lethal weapon is increasing. In violence as well as murders, the most frequently used weapon is knife. In the crimes using knife, 4.8% of victims are killed. Therefore, the provision of prehospital care by an emergency medical technician is crucial.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Experimental investigation on dynamic stab resistance of high-performance multi-layer textile materials
Mulat Alubel Abtew, François Boussu, Irina Cristian, Bekinew Kitaw Dejene
Defence Technology.2025; 47: 1. CrossRef

Original Articles

Angioembolization performed by trauma surgeons for trauma patients: is it feasible in Korea? A retrospective study: Soonseong Kwon, Kyounghwan Kim, Soon Tak Jeong, Joongsuck Kim, Kwanghee Yeo, Ohsang Kwon, Sung Jin Park, Jihun Gwak, Wu Seong Kang; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(1):28-36. Published online January 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2023.0076

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
Recent advancements in interventional radiology have made angioembolization an invaluable modality in trauma care. Angioembolization is typically performed by interventional radiologists. In this study, we aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of emergency angioembolization performed by trauma surgeons.
Methods
We identified trauma patients who underwent emergency angiography due to significant trauma-related hemorrhage between January 2020 and June 2023 at our trauma center. Until May 2022, two dedicated interventional radiologists performed emergency angiography at our center. However, since June 2022, a trauma surgeon with a background and experience in vascular surgery has performed emergency angiography for trauma-related bleeding. The indications for trauma surgeon–performed angiography included significant hemorrhage from liver injury, pelvic injury, splenic injury, or kidney injury. We assessed the angiography results according to the operator of the initial angiographic procedure. The term “failure of the first angioembolization” was defined as rebleeding from any cause, encompassing patients who underwent either re-embolization due to rebleeding or surgery due to rebleeding.
Results
No significant differences were found between the interventional radiologists and the trauma surgeon in terms of re-embolization due to rebleeding, surgery due to rebleeding, or the overall failure rate of the first angioembolization. Mortality and morbidity rates were also similar between the two groups. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis evaluating failure after the first angioembolization, pelvic embolization emerged as the sole significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio, 3.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–10.33; P=0.041). Trauma surgeon–performed angioembolization was not deemed a significant risk factor in the multivariable logistic regression model.
Conclusions
Trauma surgeons, when equipped with the necessary endovascular skills and experience, can safely perform angioembolization. To further improve quality control, an enhanced training curriculum for trauma surgeons is warranted.; Summary

Emergency department laparotomy for patients with severe abdominal trauma: a retrospective study at a single regional trauma center in Korea: Yu Jin Lee, Soon Tak Jeong, Joongsuck Kim, Kwanghee Yeo, Ohsang Kwon, Kyounghwan Kim, Sung Jin Park, Jihun Gwak, Wu Seong Kang; J Trauma Inj. 2024;37(1):20-27. Published online January 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2023.0072

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
Severe abdominal injuries often require immediate clinical assessment and surgical intervention to prevent life-threatening complications. In Jeju Regional Trauma Center, we have instituted a protocol for emergency department (ED) laparotomy at the trauma bay. We investigated the mortality and time taken from admission to ED laparotomy.
Methods
We reviewed the data recorded in our center’s trauma database between January 2020 and December 2022 and identified patients who underwent laparotomy because of abdominal trauma. Laparotomies that were performed at the trauma bay or the ED were classified as ED laparotomy, whereas those performed in the operating room (OR) were referred to as OR laparotomy. In cases that required expeditious hemostasis, ED laparotomy was performed appropriately.
Results
From January 2020 to December 2022, 105 trauma patients admitted to our hospital underwent emergency laparotomy. Of these patients, six (5.7%) underwent ED laparotomy. ED laparotomy was associated with a mortality rate of 66.7% (four of six patients), which was significantly higher than that of OR laparotomy (17.1%, 18 of 99 patients, P=0.006). All the patients who received ED laparotomy also underwent damage control laparotomy. The time between admission to the first laparotomy was significantly shorter in the ED laparotomy group (28.5 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 14–59 minutes) when compared with the OR laparotomy group (104 minutes; IQR, 88–151 minutes; P <0.001). The two patients who survived after ED laparotomy had massive mesenteric bleeding, which was successfully ligated. The other four patients, who had liver laceration, kidney rupture, spleen injury, and pancreas avulsion, succumbed to the injuries.
Conclusions
Although ED laparotomy was associated with a higher mortality rate, the time between admission and ED laparotomy was markedly shorter than for OR laparotomy. Notably, major mesenteric hemorrhages were effectively controlled through ED laparotomy.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A systematic review of emergency room laparotomy in patients with severe abdominal trauma
Soon Tak Jeong, Yun Chul Park, Young Goun Jo, Wu Seong Kang
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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