1Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
2Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
Copyright © 2024 The Korean Society of Traumatology
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: HCK; Data curation: DK, SN, YHL, HL; Formal analysis: DK; Methodology: HCK; Project administration: HCK; Visualization: SN, YHL, HL; Writing–original draft: DK, HCK; Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for this study.
Data availability
Data analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
TA, thoracic aorta; TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair; LHA, left hepatic artery; CIA, common iliac artery; IIA, internal iliac artery; CFA, common femoral artery; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; ePTFE, extended polytetrafluoroethylene.
SFA, superficial femoral artery; SFV, superficial femoral vein; DFA, deep femoral artery; DFV, deep femoral vein; FV, femoral vein; TIVS, temporary intravascular shunt; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; EEA, end-to-end anastomosis; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; ATA, anterior tibial artery; ORIF, open reduction and internal fixation; PTA, posterior tibial artery; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; GSV, great saphenous vein; SSV, small saphenous vein.
Location | Age (yr) | Trauma type | Trauma mechanism | Type of vessel injury | Vascular procedure | Adjunctive procedure | Outcome | Concomitant injury | Concomitant fracture | Concomitant nerve injury | Morbidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descending TA (zone III) | 30 | Blunt | Fall | Wall defect (hemorrhage) | TEVAR | - | Patent | Mediastinal hemorrhage | Ribs | - | - |
Pneumothorax | Femur | ||||||||||
Hemothorax | |||||||||||
30 | Blunt | Fall | Intimal dissection | TEVAR | - | Patent | Mediastinal hemorrhage | Ribs | - | - | |
Pneumothorax | Femur | ||||||||||
Hemothorax | Mandible | ||||||||||
Lung contusion | |||||||||||
Descending TA (zone III) and LHA | 49 | Blunt | Fall | Pseudoaneurysm of TA | TEVAR | - | Patent | Liver contusion | Ribs | L5 root axonotmesis | Ankle stricture |
Thrombotic occlusion of LHA | Coil embolization for pseudoaneurysm | Lumbar spines | |||||||||
Femur | |||||||||||
Tibia | |||||||||||
Fibula | |||||||||||
Calcaneus | |||||||||||
Inferior vena cava | 20 | Penetrating | Artillery bullets | Intramural hematoma (impending rupture) | Venorrhaphy | - | Patent | Stomach | Talus | - | - |
Duodenum | Navicular | ||||||||||
43 | Penetrating | L5/S1 discectomy | Wall defect (hemorrhage) | Venorrhaphy | Aorta clamping | Patent | - | - | - | Paraplegia | |
Common iliac arteryCIA | 21 | Penetrating | L4/5 discectomy | Wall defect (hemorrhage) | Patch angioplasty | - | Patent | - | - | - | - |
IIA (distal branches) | 21 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transection (hemorrhage) | Embolization | - | - | - | Ischium | Inferior gluteal | Neuropathy |
IIA (inferior gluteal) and CFA | 22 | Blunt | Fall | Transection of IIA (hemorrhage) | Embolization | REBOA | CFA tear | Lung contusion | Vertebrae | Anterior tibial | Expire (MODS) |
Penetrating | REBOA sheath removal | Dissection of CFA (hemorrhage) | Arterioplasty | - | Patent | Hemorrhage | Pelvis (multiple) | ||||
Femur | |||||||||||
Tibia | |||||||||||
Calcaneus | |||||||||||
Radius | |||||||||||
Ulna | |||||||||||
CFA | 20 | Penetrating | Angio-access puncture | Intimal dissection (thrombotic occlusion) | ePTFE iliofemoral bypass | - | Patent | - | - | - | - |
21 | Blunt | Crush between walls | Intimal dissection (thrombotic occlusion) | ePTFE iliofemoral bypass | - | Patent | Mangled femoral muscles | - | - | Muscle dystrophy |
Location | Age (yr) | Trauma type | Trauma mechanism | Type of vessel injury | Vascular procedure | Adjunctive procedure | Outcome | Concomitant injury | Concomitant fracture | Concomitant nerve injury | Morbidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA and BV | 21 | Blunt | Crush between cars | Transection (hemorrhage) | Bypasses | TIVS | Patent | Brachioradialis muscle | Humerus | Median | Neuropathy |
Anterior interosseous | Muscle atrophy | ||||||||||
RA and UA | 21 | Blunt | Crush between walls | Transection (hemorrhage) of RA | EEA | Fasciotomy | Patent RA | Deep forearm muscles | Radius, ulna | Median | Neuropathy |
Spasm of UA | Occluded UA | Radial | Hand function loss | ||||||||
Ulnar | |||||||||||
RA | 40 | Penetrating | Electric saw | Transection (hemorrhage) | EEA | - | Occlusion | Deep forearm muscles | - | - | - |
UA | 25 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transection (segmental loss) | Ligation | - | - | Deep forearm muscles | Ulna | Median | Neuropathy |
Location | Age (yr) | Trauma type | Trauma mechanism | Type of vessel injury | Vascular procedure | Adjunctive procedures | Outcome | Concomitant injury | Concomitant fracture | Concomitant nerve injury | Morbidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SFA and SFV, DFA and DFV | 41 | Blunt | Entrapped in monorail wheel | Transections (hemorrhage) | Bypass for SFA | TIVS | Thrombotic occlusion | Mangled femoral muscles | - | Femoral | Muscle dystrophy |
Bypass for FV | Coil embolization for bleeding | Occlusion | Limping | ||||||||
Ligations for DFA and DFV | Fasciotomy | Claudication | |||||||||
Neuropathy | |||||||||||
DVT | |||||||||||
SFA and SFV | 20 | Penetrating | Artillery bullet | Transections (hemorrhage) | Bypass for SFA | TIVS | Patent | Mangled femoral muscles | - | Femoral | Peroneal neuropathy |
EEA for FV | Fasciotomy | Occlusion | |||||||||
Compartment syndrome | |||||||||||
19 | Penetrating | Artillery bullet | Transections (hemorrhage) | Bypass for SFA | Prophylactic fasciotomy | Patent | - | - | Femoral | Neuropathy | |
Bypass for FV | Occlusion | ||||||||||
SFA | 32 | Penetrating | Crush in barricade | Transections (hemorrhage) | Bypass | - | Patent | - | - | - | - |
DFA | 21 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transections (hemorrhage) | Embolization | Fasciotomy | - | Femoral muscles | Femur | - | - |
Popliteal artery | 23 | Penetrating | PCL reconstruction | Wall defect (Pseudoaneurysm | Bypass | - | Patent | - | - | - | - |
50 | Penetrating | Osteotomy for valgus knee | Wall defect (hemorrhage) | EEA | - | Patent | - | - | - | - | |
ATA | 22 | Penetrating | Tibiofibular fracture ORIF | Wall defect (pseudoaneurysm) | Bypass (tibiotibial) | Sclerotherapy | Patent | - | - | Peroneal | Neuropathy |
24 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transection (segmental loss) | Ligation | Fasciotomy | - | Anterior tibial muscles | Tibia | Peroneal | Neuropathy | |
20 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transection (segmental loss) | Ligation | - | - | Anterior tibial muscles | Tibia | Anterior tibial | Neuropathy | |
PTA | 22 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transection (segmental loss) | Ligation | Fasciotomy | - | Posterior tibial muscles | Tibia | Peroneal | Neuropathy |
22 | Penetrating | Arthroscopic microfracture | Transection (AVF) | Ligation | - | - | - | - | Posterior tibial | Neuropathy | |
Peroneal | 20 | Penetrating | Gunshot | Transection (segmental loss) | Ligation | - | - | Anterior tibial muscles | Fibula | Peroneal | Neuropathy |
Muscle dystrophy | |||||||||||
ATA, PTA, and peroneal | 23 | Penetrating | Electric saw | Transection (amputation) | Replantation (EEA of ATA and PTA, GSV and SSV) | - | Occlusion of PTA and SSV | Totally transected muscles | Totally amputated tibiofibula | Totally transected tibial and peronealTotally transected | Below-knee amputation |
Venous congestion | |||||||||||
Limb ischemia |
TA, thoracic aorta; TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair; LHA, left hepatic artery; CIA, common iliac artery; IIA, internal iliac artery; CFA, common femoral artery; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; ePTFE, extended polytetrafluoroethylene.
BA, brachial artery; BV, brachial vein; TIVS, temporary intravascular shunt; RA, radial artery; UA, ulnar artery; EEA, end-to-end anastomosis.
SFA, superficial femoral artery; SFV, superficial femoral vein; DFA, deep femoral artery; DFV, deep femoral vein; FV, femoral vein; TIVS, temporary intravascular shunt; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; EEA, end-to-end anastomosis; PCL, posterior cruciate ligament; ATA, anterior tibial artery; ORIF, open reduction and internal fixation; PTA, posterior tibial artery; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; GSV, great saphenous vein; SSV, small saphenous vein.