INTRODUCTION

Fewer than 10 cases of isolated celiac artery (CA) dissection following blunt trauma have been reported. Because of its rarity, there is yet no consensus on management of isolated CA dissection in terms of the timing and necessity of medical or interventional therapy. Reported here are 2 cases of traumatic CA dissection with a review of the literature regarding the clinical presentation and management of this injury.

CASE REPORT

Case 1

A 68-year-old man with no previous medical history was transferred to our hospital after he was struck by a motorcycle while riding his bicycle. The initial blow was to his right anterior chest, and he was knocked off the bicycle onto his back. He was alert and hemodynamically stable at admission, and was complaining of epigastric pain and right chest wall and low back pain. However, he did not have abdominal tenderness or peritoneal signs on physical examination. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen showed multiple rib fractures on the right side, fractures of the transverse processes of second and third lumbar vertebrae, and CA dissection with a focal intimal flap extending from approximately 1 cm below the origin to the trifurcation (Fig. 1). The hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries were well visualized and the liver and spleen showed homogenous enhancement. The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries were patent with normal caliber. Laboratory findings showed slight elevations of the liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, 44 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 41 U/L; total bilirubin, 1.4 mg/dL) and the lactate dehydrogenase level was 1,038 U/L.

We decided to manage the patient conservatively with antiplatelet therapy. Repeat CT angiography at hospital day 3 showed persistent CA dissection without progression, and a liquid diet was started. The patient was discharged on hospital day 6 after being on a regular diet for 2 days. His liver enzymes were normalized at the time of discharge. The patient, who was lost to follow up after discharge, was contacted by telephone 18 months later and he reported that he had been free of abdominal symptoms and had no change in eating habits or body weight since the injury.

Case 2

A 49-year-old man who was a non-smoker with no previous medical history presented to our emergency department after being diagnosed with possible pancreatitis at his local hospital. He had been involved in a motorcycle accident 10 days earlier during which he lost control of the vehicle and was ejected. He had no abdominal symptoms immediately after the accident, and was initially evaluated only for superficial facial injuries and a painful right thigh. However, 8 days later, he developed a progressively worsening epigastric pain. The pain had no relationship to meals or posture. By the time he returned to the hospital, the pain was severe (pain score 7/10) and was radiating to the left back. His white blood count and C-reactive protein level were mildly elevated (10.42×10³/mm³ and 6.41 mg/dL, respectively), but the amylase and lipase levels were normal, contrary to the presumptive diagnosis of pancreatitis. The abdominal CT scan showed an intimal flap within the CA with an associated focal thrombus involving the false lumen (Fig. 2). The injury extended into the proximal common hepatic artery and the splenic artery, and there was infiltration of the soft tissue around the three involved arteries. The splenic artery was markedly narrowed with an attenuated signal along its suprapancreatic course. We initiated anticoagulation with conventional heparin therapy and the abdominal pain was resolved within one day. Repeat CT angiography on hospital day 3 showed a slight decrease in the soft tissue density around the CA and the common hepatic and splenic arteries, and there was improved flow in the splenic artery, although there was no change in the extent of thrombus or dissection in the CA. The patient was discharged the next day with oral antiplatelet treatment, and remained symptom-free during the first month of follow-up. We plan to repeat CT angiography at 6 months, and yearly thereafter.

DISCUSSION

Abdominal vascular injuries caused by blunt trauma are uncommon, with a reported incidence of 5 to 10% [1]. Isolated CA injury, which is an injury to the CA without concomitant aortic injury, is the least common among all abdominal arterial injuries. To date, only 8 reports of isolated CA injury following blunt trauma have been reported [2–9]. These cases, except for 1 case without a detailed description, are summarized, along with our two cases, in Table 1. All but one of the injuries (CA rupture managed by surgical ligation) [3], including our two cases, were CA dissections. In this report, we focus on the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of these isolated CA dissections.

All of the reported traumatic CA dissections were in male patients. Whether this is associated with the known male preponderance of spontaneous CA dissection [10] needs to be validated. The traumatic CA dissections were associated with various blunt injuries, and not all were associated with a direct blow to the abdomen, indicating there may be other mechanisms underlying the development of CA dissection. Some authors have suggested that celiac trunk compression by an anomalous median arcuate ligament during rapid expiration may compress and injure the CA [11], while the possible role of other predisposing factors, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, smoking history, and collagen vascular disease has also been investigated in spontaneous CA dissection, although the results so far have been inconclusive.

The clinical presentation of CA dissection varies widely, from no symptoms to severe epigastric pain. Among symptomatic patients, abdominal pain is the most common symptom, and often begins several days after the initial injury. More than half of the reported patients had elevated liver enzymes, but this is of low diagnostic value because mild elevations of the hepatic enzymes are also commonly associated with liver contusion or muscle injuries after blunt abdominal trauma. However, an acute elevation of liver enzymes in a patient with known traumatic CA dissection should warrant further evaluation, because it may be a sign of liver necrosis from hepatic artery involvement [4]. Among all reported cases of traumatic CA dissection, 4 showed involvement of branches of the CA (splenic artery and common hepatic artery, n=3 and common hepatic artery only, n=1).

All of the reported traumatic CA dissections have been diagnosed by contrast-enhanced CT. CT has become the primary modality of radiologic evaluation for blunt trauma patients, and has been shown to be useful in detecting arterial injuries [12,13]. However, focal dissections of the CA can be missed by standard single-phase images with 5-mm thick sections [5], and we recommend repeat CT angiography or three-phase abdominal CT with 3-mm sections with reconstructed multiplanar images when injuries to visceral arteries are suspected and the initial CT is nondiagnostic. Common CT findings of CA dissections are intimal flap, thrombosed false lumen, segmental fat infiltration, aneurysmal dilatation of CA, and extension of dissection into branch arteries [14].

Because of its rarity, as well as the diverse clinical course and outcomes of the reported cases of traumatic isolated CA dissection, there are no agreed-upon recommendations for when and how to treat this injury. Some patients with traumatic CA dissections, including ours, have been managed with antiplatelet therapy (n=3; aspirin 81 mg or 100 mg), anticoagulation (n=3; enoxaparin or heparin converted to warfarin for 3 months), or endovascular stenting (n=1) in addition to blood pressure control. Recent experience with nontraumatic isolated CA dissection also supports conservative management with antiplatelet medication, anticoagulants, or no medication in patients without ischemic or hemorrhagic complications [10,15–17]. Antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants are commonly used to stabilize the injured arterial wall and prevent thrombotic occlusion of the involved arteries. However, some authors advocate that these antithrombotic drugs should not be used in acute visceral artery dissections, as it will delay thrombosis of the false lumen and possibly thereby lead to propagation of the dissection [18]. Although there has been no direct comparison, a recent systemic review showed that outcomes of spontaneous CA dissection were good regardless of the conservative treatment chosen [10].

As in nontraumatic CA dissection, surgical or endovascular intervention should be considered in patients with persistent symptoms, aneurysmal change, or hemorrhagic complications. Endovascular stenting or embolization is preferred over surgery because it is relatively less invasive. Surgical therapy is usually reserved only for patients who need revascularization of multiple branch arteries.

Obstruction of the celiac artery or its branches, either as a complication of CA dissection or following therapeutic ligation or embolization, rarely leads to organ ischemia because of the abundant collateral circulation. Even in the rare cases where thrombosis accompanying CA dissection has caused partial splenic infarct, pancreatitis, or liver dysfunction, the patients have been managed successfully with conservative measures [16,17]. However, close observation is important because two lethal ischemic complications, fulminant hepatic failure after traumatic CA dissection [4], and multiple organ ischemia leading to septic shock after spontaneous CA dissection [19], have been reported. Late aneurysmal change is another feared complication, and is detected in 6% of patients with conservatively managed spontaneous CA dissections [10]. Repair is generally necessary when the aneurysm is over 2 to 3 cm in size.

Most of the aneurysmal changes after traumatic CA dissection have occurred within 2 months [10], but they have also been detected as late as the fourth year [20], which highlights the importance of long term follow-up for patients with CA dissection.

In summary, isolated celiac artery dissection is a rare occurrence after blunt trauma. Uncomplicated cases can be safely managed conservatively with or without antithrombotic therapy plus blood pressure control. Long term follow-up is mandatory because of the risk of late aneurysmal change.

Fig. 1

Axial (A) and coronal (B) image of contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan showing intimal flap of celiac artery (arrow) extending to the trifurcation.

Fig. 2

Abdominal computed tomography scan showing focal thrombus in mid-portion of celiac artery (A, arrow) and intimal flap more distally (B, arrow). Dissection extends into common hepatic artery (B, arrowhead) and splenic artery (C, arrow). Common hepatic artery and splenic artery is narrowed by perivascular soft tissue infiltration. (D) Maximum intensity projection image shows narrowed proximal splenic artery (arrow).

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Figure & Data

References

Citations

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