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Original Article
PARK Formula Can Replace “Guide to Medical Certificate” Published by Korean Medical Association in Deciding the Treatment Duration
Chan Yong Park, M.D.1, Kwang Hee Yeo, M.D.2, Sora Ahn, M.D.1
Journal of Trauma and Injury 2018;31(2):58-65.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20408/jti.2018.31.2.58
Published online: August 31, 2018
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1Department of Trauma Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan, Korea

2Department of Trauma Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea

Correspondence to Sora Ahn, M.D., Department of Trauma Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea, Tel: +82-63-859-0646, Fax: +82-63-855-2386, E-mail: sora46@hanmail.net
• Received: March 4, 2018   • Revised: April 10, 2018   • Accepted: April 23, 2018

Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Trauma

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    Many doctors have difficulty in deciding the treatment duration in trauma patients to write in the casualty medical certificate. We tried to find a solution for this problem by using abbreviated injury scale (AIS).
  • Methods
    A total of 39 patients treated in our regional trauma center who requested an author to write treatment duration on casualty medical certificate from January 2014 to April 2017 were included. And the treatment duration was decided based on the PARK Formula (AIS). PARK Formula (AIS)=(AIS×2) ~ ([AIS×2]+2)
  • Results
    Among 39 patients included and 36 (92.3%) had treatment duration on casualty medical certificate within the range of treatment duration calculated by PARK Formula (AIS). Compared to the PARK Formula (AIS), the mean value was 0.13 week (0.90 day) smaller. Comparing the treatment duration between Korean Medical Association (KMA) guideline and PARK Formula (AIS), only 22 patients (56.4%) showed agreement. The mean value was 1.02 week (7.18 days) smaller in KMA guideline.
  • Conclusions
    For the decision of the treatment duration in trauma patients, utilizing worldwide used AIS scoring system is very efficient. Using PARK Formula (AIS), doctors can document the treatment duration in the casualty medical certificate with ease. KMA should provide more practical ‘treatment duration of each diagnosis in writing casualty medial certificate’ for the doctors. We recommend PARK Formula (AIS) as a good alternative for KMA guide.
It is difficulty for many doctors to decide the treatment duration in the casualty medical certificate. The reason is that issuing medial certificate is not only just a medical practice, but also a source of economical and legal problem between the victim and offender [1]. To ease this problem, Korean Medical Association (KMA) published the first edition of ‘guide to medical certificate’ in 1996, and updated version was released in 2003 and 2015 [24]. However, in utilizing ‘treatment duration of each diagnosis in writing casualty medial certificate’ which is contained in guide to medial certificate 2015, there are a lot of situations requiring doctor’s subjective decision due to the mixed description of diagnosis/operation name and the paucity of diagnosis. Also, it is difficult to find the difference in treatment duration according to the severity of the injury [4]. Therefore, we tried to figure out this problem using abbreviated injury scale (AIS) which is widely used in the field of traumatology. By using AIS which describes the whole body injury in detail, we can find the correct diagnosis easily, and this can guide doctors to decide the duration of treatment easily.
AIS is a globally used anatomy based injury scoring system developed by Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). The first edition of AIS was published in 1969 [5], and there were major revisions in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1998, 2005, 2008, and 2015 [6]. AIS classifies each part of the whole body according to the ordinary scale of 1 to 6, which means that the higher the scale, the higher the severity of injury (Table 1).
Patients treated in our regional trauma center who requested an author to write the treatment duration on casualty medical certificate from January 2014 to April 2017 were included for this study. A total of 39 patients were included and the treatment duration was decided based on PARK Formula (AIS).
PARK Formula (AIS)=(AIS×2)~([AIS×2]+2)
The PARK Formula (AIS) was derived by analyzing the correlation between treatment duration of liver injury in medical certificate guideline of KMA and AIS. With PARK Formula (AIS), treatment duration can be decided within a range of 3 weeks, and within each limitation, 1 week difference can be given according severity of injury-mild, moderate, and severe.
Of the 39 patients, there were four neck injuries, five chest injuries, 29 abdominal injuries, and one lower extremity injury. The actual treatment duration of 36 (92.3%) was within the range of the treatment duration calculated by PARK Formula (AIS). The other three patients, one patient required 1 week less treatment duration, and two patients required 2 weeks less treatment duration. Compared with PARK Formula (AIS), the actual treatment duration was 0.13 weeks (0.90 days) smaller. When comparing the results of the treatment duration of KMA guideline and PARK Formula (AIS), 22 patients (56.4%) showed agreement. Among 17 discrepancies, two patients required 1 week, 11 patients required 2 weeks, four patients required 4 weeks less treatment duration in KMA guideline result (Table 2).
It is not unusual to have difficulty deciding the treatment duration for writing casualty medical certificates for trauma patients. The treatment duration can be different-in some cases extremely different between doctors and hospitals for the same organ injury with similar severity. These situation can cause distrust of their doctors, and in some cases, can result in legal issues, which makes appropriate decision of treatment duration of utmost importance [1,7].
In the USA and Japan, there is no casualty medical certificate, there is only a medical certificate. Casualty medical certificate is a unique document in Republic of Korea. As the patients, judges, prosecutor, and insurance companies have no medical knowledge, they try to decide the severity of injury based on the treatment duration written in the casualty medical certificate. If the treatment duration is long, the injury is considered severe, and if the treatment duration is short, the injury is considered mild. This makes sense at a glance, but the truth is different. In general, severe injury requires more treatment duration, but there can be a difference according to which organ or tissue is injured. Also, the treatment duration can be different between similar injuries according to the treatment modality, and it also can be different according to the age and physical status of the patient. In consideration of these complexity, KMA published a guide to writing medical certificate containing ‘treatment duration of each diagnosis in writing casualty medial certificate’. This standard guides uniform treatment duration regardless of the treatment modality. KMA acknowledges that this method has some limitations, but maintains this guideline for the reason that there is no alternative for this method [24]. On the other hand, some doctors utilize McBride’s ‘disability evaluation and principles of treatment of compensable injuries’ to decide the treatment duration [8].
Kim and In [6] pointed out some problems with ‘Guide to Medical Certificate issued by KMA’ in the text 1) difference of treatment duration, 2) validity of treatment duration, 3) treatment duration according to age, 4) difference according to fracture severity (displacement, comminution, open fracture, etc.), and 5) treatment modality and real treatment duration. Also, Kim et al. [1] pointed out some problems such as 1) treatment duration according to the diagnosis of injury, 2) difference between clinical departments, 3) omission for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve injury, 4) error in the typing for printing, and 5) distribution of the booklet.
Authors tried to point out the problems related to ‘treatment duration of each diagnosis in writing casualty medial certificate’ of KMA and also to find out the solution to improve problems related to this. The problems are 1) There is no correlation between the severity of injury and the treatment duration. 2) KMA mingles diagnosis and operation name. For example, mild liver laceration, liver hematoma is used together with suture of liver parenchyma, liver laceration requiring suture, partial hepatectomy, liver lobectomy. This mingled use can also be found in other abdominal organ injury (Table 3). 3) Description of the injury is too much simplified in many cases. In KMA guide, abdominal injury is classified into 50 categories [4], but in AIS dictionary, it is classified into 250 categories [6]. And 4) The degree of injury is unified in KMA guide, but AIS dictionary has more detailed description of the degree of injury. For example, most severe form of liver injury is described simply as ‘lobectomy’ in the KMA guide, but the AIS dictionary describes this as ‘parenchymal disruption of >75% of hepatic lobe or >3 Couinaud’s segments within a single lobe or involving retrohepatic vena cava/central hepatic veins or massive or complex or (organ injury scale [OIS] V)’, which shows much more detailed description (Table 4). If an injury is described as simple as KMA guide, it is difficult to find an appropriate description for the injury of the patient, and the doctor’s subjective opinion has to be applied in many cases.
In order to improve these problems, PARK Formula (AIS) was developed utilizing AIS. PARK Formula (AIS) has close correlation between AIS, which is an ordinal scale related to the injury severity, and treatment duration. The authors referred KMA 2015 guideline to find the pattern between injury severity and treatment duration. We adjusted the treatment duration of liver injury for OIS, and tried to find out a pattern between OIS grade and treatment duration. And then, a formula is derived utilizing AIS, and PARK Formula (AIS) is our result (Table 5).
In the case of a patient’s specific organ injury, we can find appropriate injury from the AIS dictionary easily. And inputting the identified AIS score to the PARK Formula (AIS), we can calculate treatment duration which has 3 weeks of range. For example, AIS 1 is 2–4 weeks, AIS 2 is 4–6 weeks, AIS 3 is 6–8 weeks, AIS 4 is 8–10 weeks, and AIS 5 is 10–12 weeks. Within each range, mild injury belongs to the lowest value, moderate injury belongs to middle value, and severe injury belongs to the highest value within the range. Also, for solid organ injury, even if the discrimination of AIS is in paucity, we can easily calculate the treatment duration without difficulty in PARK Formula (AIS). This is because the treatment duration of 1 level low severe injury has the same value with 1 level high mild injury. For example, AIS 2 with severe injury has the same treatment duration with AIS 3 with mild injury which is 6 weeks.
The authors were able to easily utilize PARK Formula (AIS) in writing casualty medical certificate with the use of AIS which is very familiar to trauma surgeons to decide treatment duration. In this study, 36 out of 39 cases (92.3%) were matched in actual treatment duration of casualty medical certificate and the treatment duration calculated by PARK Formula (AIS). The other three patients who showed difference in treatment duration, one patient required 1 week less treatment duration, and two patients required 2 weeks less treatment duration. The case which required 1 week less treatment duration was liver injury with AIS 2 (OIS I). In American Association for the Surgery of Trauma OIS, liver injury has separate OIS I and OIS II (Table 6). This is also the same in other solid organ such as spleen, kidney, and pancreas. However, AIS dictionary classifies these two OIS to AIS 2 (no AIS 1 for liver injury), and this is the reason for this difference. Therefore, in the case of solid organ injury of AIS 2 (OIS I), it may need to consider applying AIS 1 in calculating treatment duration. Of the cases which required 2 weeks less treatment duration, one case was AIS 3 small bowel injury (perforation) which the author decided wrong as AIS 2, and the other case was 4 years old patient AIS 4 spleen injury which was underestimated because of the extremely small size of the spleen compared to the adult.
Comparing the treatment duration result between KMA guideline and PARK Formula (AIS), there were 17 discrepancy cases. Two cases showing 1 week less treatment duration were all colon perforation, and 11 cases (64.7%) showing 2 weeks less treatment duration were one AIS 3 common femoral vein injury, two AIS 3 small bowel injury, two AIS 3 spleen injury, four AIS 4 spleen injury, one lumbar artery injury, and one diaphragm injury. Four cases showing 4 weeks less treatment duration were one AIS 4 left colic artery injury, one AIS 4 small bowel injury, one AIS 5 spleen injury, and one AIS 5 kidney injury.
Compared with PARK Formula (AIS), the treatment duration of KMA guide was generally short, but the difference was 1.02 weeks which was not great. There should be discussion in the trauma specialist society about this issue. Also, for the difference between clinical departments, there should be discussion between departments. For a good consensus to be made, KMA should mediate in a very wise way. Also in making a consensus, PARK Formula (AIS) can be a great help in solving the various problems with KMA guide.
PARK Formula (AIS*)=(AIS*×2)~([AIS*×2]+2)
Applying this formula uniformly to all situations for deciding treatment duration may be unreasonable, and this equation can give a value that is too high or too low compared to the expert opinion. To solve this problem, we can use PARK Formula (AIS*), an upgraded version of PARK Formula (AIS). PARK Formula (AIS*) uses AIS in a modified way, which add or subtract weighted value of 0.5 discrimination according to the agreement of expert opinion, which we express as AIS*. For example, if treatment duration of 4–6 weeks for AIS 2 calculated by PARK Formula (AIS) is considered too high, we can modify the AIS subtracting 0.5 (a value of 1.5 which is AIS*), and the treatment duration can be reduced to 3–5 weeks. In the same case, if the treatment duration of 5–7 weeks is more appropriate, 0.5 can be added to the AIS (a value of 2.5 which is AIS*), and the treatment duration can be increased to 5–7 weeks.
PARK Formula (AIS*α)=(AIS*×2)~([AIS*×2]+[2+α])
Using both PARK Formula (AIS) and PARK Formula (AIS*), the treatment duration is decided within 3 weeks of range. In case where more than 3 weeks of range is needed, α value can be increased with value 1 discrimination as needed. For example, if the result by PARK Formula (AIS*) is 5–7 weeks but 5–10 weeks is more adequate, α value can be adjusted to 3 to make the corresponding range.
For the decision of the treatment duration in trauma patients, utilizing worldwide used AIS scoring system is very efficient. Using PARK Formula (AIS), doctors can document casualty medical certificate with ease. Also, this can free from legal problem that doctors can be involved. KMA should provide more practical ‘treatment duration of each diagnosis in writing casualty medial certificate’ for the doctors. PARK Formula (AIS) can be a good alternative for this effort.
Table 1
Abbreviated injury scale (AIS)
AIS code Injury Example
1 Minor Superficial laceration
2 Moderate Contusion of kidney
3 Serious Perforation of small bowel
4 Severe Proximal transection of pancreas
5 Critical Avulsion of spleen
6 Maximum Avulsion of liver
Table 2
Comparison of treatment duration between PARK Formula (AIS) and KMA guide
No. Body region Injured organ Injury description AIS code AIS Treatment duration derived from PARK Formula (AIS) PARK Formula (AIS) Treatment duration derived from KMA guide KCD code Injured organ Injury description
1 Abdomen Spleen 1–3 cm laceration 5442122 2 6 4–6 4 S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

2 Chest Thoracic aorta Thoracic aorta rupture 4202105 5 12 10–12 12 S25.0 Thoracic aorta Injury of thoracic aorta

3 Abdomen Internal iliac artery (left) Other named branch 5206043 3 6 6–8 4–6 S36.8 Retroperitoneum Hematoma

4 Abdomen Spleen >3 cm laceration 5442243 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

5 Abdomen Subcutaneous Minor 5106021 1 4 2–4 2 S31.1 Abdominal wall Subcutaneous laceration

6 Abdomen Omentum Hematoma 5422102 2 4 4–6 4 S31.1 Abdominal wall Penetrating wound requiring exploratory lapatoromy

7 Abdomen Spleen Avulsion 5442285 5 10 10–12 6 (−4) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

8 Abdomen Small bowel Perforation 5414243 3 4 (−2) 6–8 4 (−2) S36.4 Small intestine Segmental resection

9 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 6 (−2) 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

10 Abdomen Liver <10 cm hematoma 5418122 2 4 4–6 4–6 S36.1 Liver Intrahepatic hematoma

11 Abdomen Liver Parenchymal disruption <75% 5418264 4 8 8–10 6–8 S36.1 Liver Partial resection

12 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

13 Neck Subcutaneous Minor 2106021 1 2 2–4 1–2 S11.9 Neck Laceration

14 Abdomen Liver Parenchymal disruption <75% 5418264 4 8 8–10 6–8 S36.1 Liver Partial resection

15 Abdomen Subcutaneous Minor 5106021 1 2 2–4 2 S31.1 Abdominal wall Subcutaneous laceration

16 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

17 Chest Chest Rib fracture ≥3 4502033 3 6 6–8 6 S22.4 Rib Multiple rib fractures

18 Abdomen Liver >3 cm laceration 5418143 3 6 6–8 5–6 S36.1 Liver Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control

19 Neck Subcutaneous Minor 2106021 1 2 2–4 1–2 S11.9 Neck Laceration

20 Abdomen Liver >10 cm hematoma 5418143 3 6 6–8 5–6 S36.1 Liver Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control

21 Abdomen Colon Perforation 5408243 3 6 6–8 5 (−1) S36.5 Large intestine Hemicolectomy

22 Abdomen Kidney Hilum avulsion 5416285 5 10 10–12 4–6 (−4) S36.8 Retroperitoneum Hematoma

23 Lower ext. Superficial femoral artery (right) Minor perforation 8104021 1 3 2–4 1–3 S70 Lower extremity Superfical injury, thigh contusion

24 Neck Vertebral artery Transection (blood loss >20%) 3210144 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S25.8 Chest Other intrathoracic vessel injury

25 Abdomen Spleen >3 cm laceration 5442243 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

26 Abdomen Common femoral vein (right) Perforation (blood loss <20%) 5208043 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S75.1 CFV Common femoral vein injury

27 Abdomen Liver <1 cm 5418222 2 3 (−1) 4–6 4 S36.1 Liver Minor laceration

28 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

29 Neck Trachea Perforation 3416083 3 6 6–8 4–6 S12.81 Trachea Open fracture

30 Abdomen Liver >3 cm laceration 5418143 3 6 6–8 5–6 S36.1 Liver Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control

31 Abdomen Spleen 1–3 cm laceration 5442122 2 4 4–6 4 S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

32 Abdomen Small bowel Perforation 5414243 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S36.4 Small intestine Segmental resection

33 Chest Lung Minor <1 lobe 4414313 3 6 6–8 6 S27.01 Lung Open pneumothorax

34 Abdomen Colic artery (left) Transection (blood loss >20%) 5214084 4 8 8–10 4 (−4) S36.5 Large intestine Mesentery rupture

35 Chest Diaphragm >10 cm laceration 4406084 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S27.80 Diaphragm Diaphragm injury with-out open wound

36 Abdomen Pancreas Distal transection 5428243 3 8 6–8 8 S36.2 Pancreas Partial pancreatectomy

37 Abdomen Small bowel Transection 5414264 4 8 8–10 4 (−4) S36.4 Small bowel Segmental resection

38 Abdomen Colon Perforation 5408243 3 6 6–8 5 (−1) S36.5 Large intestine Hemicolectomy

39 Chest Rib Rib fracture ≥3 4502033 3 6 6–10 6 S22.4 Rib Multiple rib fractures

36/39 (92.3%) Match rate 22/39 (56.4%)
Total: −5 (mean: −0.13) Sum of varying period (week) Total: −40 (mean: −1.02)

AIS: abbreviated injury scale, KMA: Korean Medical Association, KCD: Korean classification of diseases, CFV: common femoral vein.

Table 3
Treatment duration change of liver injury in Korean Medical Association (KMA) guide
Injury description Correlation to OIS Treatment duration (week)
1994 KMA guide 2003, 2015 KMA guide
Minor laceration (laparotomy) I 3 4
Intrahepatic hematoma II 3–6 4–6
Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control III 4 5–6
Partial resection IV 5 6–8
Lobectomy V 6 6–12

OIS: organ injury scale.

Table 4
AIS code and injury description for liver injuries [9]
AIS 2005 Injury description
541899.2 Liver NFS
541810.2 Contusion; hematoma NFS
541812.2 Subcapsular, ≤50% surface area, or nonexpanding; intraparenchymal ≤10 cm in diameter; minor; superficial [OIS I, II]
541814.3 Subcapsular, >50% surface area or expanding; ruptured subcapsular or parenchymal; intraparenchymal >10 cm or expanding; major [OIS III]
541820.2 Laceration NFS
541822.2 Simple capsular tears; ≤3 cm parenchymal depth; ≤10 cm long; minor; superficial [OIS II]
541824.3 >3 cm parenchymal depth; major duct involvement; moderate [OIS III]
541826.4 Parenchymal disruption ≤75% hepatic lobe; multiple lacerations >3 cm deep; “burst” injury; major [OIS IV]
541828.5 Parenchymal disruption of >75% of hepatic lobe or >3 Couinaud’s segments within a single lobe; or involving retrohepatic vena cava/central hepatic veins; massive; complex [OIS V]
541830.6 Hepatic avulsion (total separation of all vascular attachments) [OIS VI]
541840.4 Rupture

AIS: abbreviated injury scale, NFS: not further specified, OIS: organ injury scale.

Table 5
Calculation of PARK Formula (AIS) from 2015 KMA guidelines for medical certificates and AAST OIS
AAST AAAM Treatment duration (week)
KMA 2015 guide PARK Formula (AIS)
OIS AIS KMA 2015 guide -> adjust to OIS (AIS×2) ~ ([AIS×2]+2)
I 2 4 (2–4)a 4–6
II 2 4–5 4–6
III 3 5–6 6–8
IV 4 6–8 8–10
V 5 6–12 10–12
VI 6 None 12–14

AIS: abbreviated injury scale, KMA: Korean Medical Association, AAST: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, OIS: organ injury scale, AAAM: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

aWhen OIS is applied instead of AIS.

Table 6
AAST OIS for liver injuries [10]
Grade Injury description
I Hematoma Subcapsular, <10% surface area
Laceration Capsular tear, <1 cm parenchymal depth

II Hematoma Subcapsular, 10–50% surface area
Intraparenchymal, <10 cm diameter
Laceration 1–3 cm parenchymal depth, <10 cm length

III Hematoma Subcapsular, >50% surface area or expanding. Ruptured subcapsular or parenchymal hematoma
Intraparenchymal hematoma >10 cm or expanding
Laceration >3 cm parenchymal depth

IV Laceration Parenchymal disruption involving 25–75% of hepatic lobe or 1–3 Coinaud’s segments in a single lobe

V Laceration Parenchymal disruption involving >75% of hepatic lobe or >3 Coinaud’s segments within a single loge
Vascular Juxtahepatic venous injuries ie. Retrohepatic venal cava/central major hepatic veins

IV Vascular Hepatic avulsion

AAST: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, OIS: organ injury scale.

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    Citations to this article as recorded by  

      PARK Formula Can Replace “Guide to Medical Certificate” Published by Korean Medical Association in Deciding the Treatment Duration
      PARK Formula Can Replace “Guide to Medical Certificate” Published by Korean Medical Association in Deciding the Treatment Duration
      AIS code Injury Example
      1 Minor Superficial laceration
      2 Moderate Contusion of kidney
      3 Serious Perforation of small bowel
      4 Severe Proximal transection of pancreas
      5 Critical Avulsion of spleen
      6 Maximum Avulsion of liver
      No. Body region Injured organ Injury description AIS code AIS Treatment duration derived from PARK Formula (AIS) PARK Formula (AIS) Treatment duration derived from KMA guide KCD code Injured organ Injury description
      1 Abdomen Spleen 1–3 cm laceration 5442122 2 6 4–6 4 S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

      2 Chest Thoracic aorta Thoracic aorta rupture 4202105 5 12 10–12 12 S25.0 Thoracic aorta Injury of thoracic aorta

      3 Abdomen Internal iliac artery (left) Other named branch 5206043 3 6 6–8 4–6 S36.8 Retroperitoneum Hematoma

      4 Abdomen Spleen >3 cm laceration 5442243 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

      5 Abdomen Subcutaneous Minor 5106021 1 4 2–4 2 S31.1 Abdominal wall Subcutaneous laceration

      6 Abdomen Omentum Hematoma 5422102 2 4 4–6 4 S31.1 Abdominal wall Penetrating wound requiring exploratory lapatoromy

      7 Abdomen Spleen Avulsion 5442285 5 10 10–12 6 (−4) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

      8 Abdomen Small bowel Perforation 5414243 3 4 (−2) 6–8 4 (−2) S36.4 Small intestine Segmental resection

      9 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 6 (−2) 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

      10 Abdomen Liver <10 cm hematoma 5418122 2 4 4–6 4–6 S36.1 Liver Intrahepatic hematoma

      11 Abdomen Liver Parenchymal disruption <75% 5418264 4 8 8–10 6–8 S36.1 Liver Partial resection

      12 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

      13 Neck Subcutaneous Minor 2106021 1 2 2–4 1–2 S11.9 Neck Laceration

      14 Abdomen Liver Parenchymal disruption <75% 5418264 4 8 8–10 6–8 S36.1 Liver Partial resection

      15 Abdomen Subcutaneous Minor 5106021 1 2 2–4 2 S31.1 Abdominal wall Subcutaneous laceration

      16 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

      17 Chest Chest Rib fracture ≥3 4502033 3 6 6–8 6 S22.4 Rib Multiple rib fractures

      18 Abdomen Liver >3 cm laceration 5418143 3 6 6–8 5–6 S36.1 Liver Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control

      19 Neck Subcutaneous Minor 2106021 1 2 2–4 1–2 S11.9 Neck Laceration

      20 Abdomen Liver >10 cm hematoma 5418143 3 6 6–8 5–6 S36.1 Liver Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control

      21 Abdomen Colon Perforation 5408243 3 6 6–8 5 (−1) S36.5 Large intestine Hemicolectomy

      22 Abdomen Kidney Hilum avulsion 5416285 5 10 10–12 4–6 (−4) S36.8 Retroperitoneum Hematoma

      23 Lower ext. Superficial femoral artery (right) Minor perforation 8104021 1 3 2–4 1–3 S70 Lower extremity Superfical injury, thigh contusion

      24 Neck Vertebral artery Transection (blood loss >20%) 3210144 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S25.8 Chest Other intrathoracic vessel injury

      25 Abdomen Spleen >3 cm laceration 5442243 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

      26 Abdomen Common femoral vein (right) Perforation (blood loss <20%) 5208043 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S75.1 CFV Common femoral vein injury

      27 Abdomen Liver <1 cm 5418222 2 3 (−1) 4–6 4 S36.1 Liver Minor laceration

      28 Abdomen Spleen Major devascularization >25% 5442264 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S36.0 Spleen Splenectomy

      29 Neck Trachea Perforation 3416083 3 6 6–8 4–6 S12.81 Trachea Open fracture

      30 Abdomen Liver >3 cm laceration 5418143 3 6 6–8 5–6 S36.1 Liver Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control

      31 Abdomen Spleen 1–3 cm laceration 5442122 2 4 4–6 4 S36.0 Spleen Splenorrhaphy and partial splenectomy

      32 Abdomen Small bowel Perforation 5414243 3 6 6–8 4 (−2) S36.4 Small intestine Segmental resection

      33 Chest Lung Minor <1 lobe 4414313 3 6 6–8 6 S27.01 Lung Open pneumothorax

      34 Abdomen Colic artery (left) Transection (blood loss >20%) 5214084 4 8 8–10 4 (−4) S36.5 Large intestine Mesentery rupture

      35 Chest Diaphragm >10 cm laceration 4406084 4 8 8–10 6 (−2) S27.80 Diaphragm Diaphragm injury with-out open wound

      36 Abdomen Pancreas Distal transection 5428243 3 8 6–8 8 S36.2 Pancreas Partial pancreatectomy

      37 Abdomen Small bowel Transection 5414264 4 8 8–10 4 (−4) S36.4 Small bowel Segmental resection

      38 Abdomen Colon Perforation 5408243 3 6 6–8 5 (−1) S36.5 Large intestine Hemicolectomy

      39 Chest Rib Rib fracture ≥3 4502033 3 6 6–10 6 S22.4 Rib Multiple rib fractures

      36/39 (92.3%) Match rate 22/39 (56.4%)
      Total: −5 (mean: −0.13) Sum of varying period (week) Total: −40 (mean: −1.02)
      Injury description Correlation to OIS Treatment duration (week)
      1994 KMA guide 2003, 2015 KMA guide
      Minor laceration (laparotomy) I 3 4
      Intrahepatic hematoma II 3–6 4–6
      Laceration requiring hepatorrhaphy and bleeding control III 4 5–6
      Partial resection IV 5 6–8
      Lobectomy V 6 6–12
      AIS 2005 Injury description
      541899.2 Liver NFS
      541810.2 Contusion; hematoma NFS
      541812.2 Subcapsular, ≤50% surface area, or nonexpanding; intraparenchymal ≤10 cm in diameter; minor; superficial [OIS I, II]
      541814.3 Subcapsular, >50% surface area or expanding; ruptured subcapsular or parenchymal; intraparenchymal >10 cm or expanding; major [OIS III]
      541820.2 Laceration NFS
      541822.2 Simple capsular tears; ≤3 cm parenchymal depth; ≤10 cm long; minor; superficial [OIS II]
      541824.3 >3 cm parenchymal depth; major duct involvement; moderate [OIS III]
      541826.4 Parenchymal disruption ≤75% hepatic lobe; multiple lacerations >3 cm deep; “burst” injury; major [OIS IV]
      541828.5 Parenchymal disruption of >75% of hepatic lobe or >3 Couinaud’s segments within a single lobe; or involving retrohepatic vena cava/central hepatic veins; massive; complex [OIS V]
      541830.6 Hepatic avulsion (total separation of all vascular attachments) [OIS VI]
      541840.4 Rupture
      AAST AAAM Treatment duration (week)
      KMA 2015 guide PARK Formula (AIS)
      OIS AIS KMA 2015 guide -> adjust to OIS (AIS×2) ~ ([AIS×2]+2)
      I 2 4 (2–4)a 4–6
      II 2 4–5 4–6
      III 3 5–6 6–8
      IV 4 6–8 8–10
      V 5 6–12 10–12
      VI 6 None 12–14
      Grade Injury description
      I Hematoma Subcapsular, <10% surface area
      Laceration Capsular tear, <1 cm parenchymal depth

      II Hematoma Subcapsular, 10–50% surface area
      Intraparenchymal, <10 cm diameter
      Laceration 1–3 cm parenchymal depth, <10 cm length

      III Hematoma Subcapsular, >50% surface area or expanding. Ruptured subcapsular or parenchymal hematoma
      Intraparenchymal hematoma >10 cm or expanding
      Laceration >3 cm parenchymal depth

      IV Laceration Parenchymal disruption involving 25–75% of hepatic lobe or 1–3 Coinaud’s segments in a single lobe

      V Laceration Parenchymal disruption involving >75% of hepatic lobe or >3 Coinaud’s segments within a single loge
      Vascular Juxtahepatic venous injuries ie. Retrohepatic venal cava/central major hepatic veins

      IV Vascular Hepatic avulsion
      Table 1 Abbreviated injury scale (AIS)

      Table 2 Comparison of treatment duration between PARK Formula (AIS) and KMA guide

      AIS: abbreviated injury scale, KMA: Korean Medical Association, KCD: Korean classification of diseases, CFV: common femoral vein.

      Table 3 Treatment duration change of liver injury in Korean Medical Association (KMA) guide

      OIS: organ injury scale.

      Table 4 AIS code and injury description for liver injuries [9]

      AIS: abbreviated injury scale, NFS: not further specified, OIS: organ injury scale.

      Table 5 Calculation of PARK Formula (AIS) from 2015 KMA guidelines for medical certificates and AAST OIS

      AIS: abbreviated injury scale, KMA: Korean Medical Association, AAST: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, OIS: organ injury scale, AAAM: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

      When OIS is applied instead of AIS.

      Table 6 AAST OIS for liver injuries [10]

      AAST: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, OIS: organ injury scale.


      J Trauma Inj : Journal of Trauma and Injury
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